Plaintiffs who sue under section 1 of the Sherman Act must allege a contract, combination, or conspiracy that restrains competition.  Some kinds of conspiracies so patently harm competition that courts presume injury and call them "per se" violations.  Agreements between competitors to fix prices, not to compete for specific customers or in particular areas, and to boycott

Blawgletter laments that most cases involving the worst instances of fraud suffer from a sad but inexorable fact:  the victims' money has vanished. 

Just ask the people who trusted their savings to Bernie Madoff, for instance.

Judges (and, occasionally, juries) struggle with competing urges in such cases.  On the one hand, they want to find a way to right the wrong. 

The subprime residential mortgage business got much of its lending money from big banks.  Wall Street in turn acquired the cash by pooling thousands of subprime mortgages into securities and selling the paper to investors.  

In 2007, Lone Star bought $61 million of such securities from Barclays Bank and Barclays Capital.  The deal documents

Pic_turnip

The Arbitration Act of 1925 set up a regime aiming to settle disputes quickly and cheaply.  The system depends on courts to make it work.  Courts don't do quick and cheap.  Sorry.

The Fifth Circuit proved the point this week.   The appeal turned on whether a district court erred by ordering a respondent in an arbitration (Old Colony) to pay $29,600 as a deposit to cover American